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Second, the amino acids carried to mRNA by tRNA are covalently bonded together to form the growing
polypeptide chain. A growing polypeptide chain is often referred to and is graphically represented as a
growing string of beads (similar to a bracelet).
LESSON 6
MODULE III: CODING, TRANSLATION, AND MUTATIONS
3. Step two, elongation, continues until a stop codon is translated. The final step in translation
is termination.
[ - When a stop codon on mRNA is reached, a protein called a release factor binds to the stop
codon and brings a water molecule to the end to the growing polypeptide chain. This water
molecule frees the polypeptide chain from the last tRNA molecule and from the ribosome.]
Once the polypeptide chain is free, the ribosome sub-units separate and synthesis of that
polypeptide is complete. It should be noted that several ribosomes can be translating the mRNA
molecule at the same time, thereby greatly increasing the number of protein molecules produced
by a single translated mRNA molecule.
creAte/Assess
• StudentsshouldgobacktoFigure1–AminoAcidSequenceofGlucagonshownonPage34in
Lesson 5 - Coding Glucagon, and record in their student journals the possible anticodons that would
be associated with the amino acid sequence given. After recording their anticodon sequences,
students should compare their results with a partner and see if they “agree.” This activity will point
out the redundancy in the genetic code; it is possible that students may have encoded the same
protein using slightly different DNA sequences.
• StudentsmaybeaskedtouncodetheshortnucleotidesequencesofeachstrandoftheDNA
molecules shown in the K’NEX DNA, Replication and Transcription building instruction booklet.
Note that the strands should be read in the 3’ to 5’ direction to correspond with the mRNA 5’ to 3’
synthesis direction. For example, the molecule shown on Pages 4 and 5 of the building instructions
booklet would yield these results:
• Advanced students may research other small protein molecules (other than glucagon),
record their codon sequence in their journals and then translate them with anticodons of tRNA.
The web sites listed at the end of this lesson will be useful for this activity.
888-ABC-KNEX
Education
®
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