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Knex 78780 - Education DNA Replication Teachers Guide Manual

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27. Okazaki Fragments –segments of DNA that form on the lagging strand during replication.
The fragments are later bonded together by ligase (an enzyme) to form one continuous new
daughter strand.
28. Phosphodiester Bond – a special type of covalent bond that holds together the basic nucleotide
units in DNA and RNA.
29. Pitch – the distance between any two points marking the beginning and ending of one complete
turn of the helix when following either backbone making up a DNA double helix.
30. Purine – a class of chemical compounds built from a common double-ring structure containing
five carbon and four nitrogen atoms. Examples found in DNA are adenine and guanine (see
Figure 3). These are represented in the K’NEX model by white (adenine) and silver (guanine)
connecting Rods
31. Pyrimidine – a class of chemical compounds built from a common single ring structure
containing four carbon and two nitrogen atoms. Examples found in DNA are cytosine and thymine
(see Figure 2). These are represented in the K’NEX model by teal (cytosine) and black (thymine)
connecting Rods. Thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA. This is represented by a purple
connecting Rod.
32. Replication – the process of creating additional copies of a piece of double-stranded DNA.
This process is used by cells to duplicate their genetic material for distribution to new cells when
organisms reproduce.
33. Replication Fork - a “Y” in a double-stranded DNA molecule where strands separate; the site in
the parent DNA molecule where DNA replication occurs.
34. Ribose – a simple sugar found in RNA (see Figure 1). This molecule is represented in the RNA
K’NEX model by the orange, flanged, fan-shaped Connectors. Consistent with biochemical
nomenclature, the “ose” at the end of this name signifies that this molecule is a sugar.
35. Rise – The distance between two consecutive rungs of the DNA ladder (consecutive nitrogen-
containing base-pairs) when DNA is in a double helical form.
36. RNA polymerase – the enzyme that creates RNA from DNA. Consistent with biochemical
nomenclature, the “ase” at the end of this name signifies that this molecule is an enzyme.
37. RNA – the abbreviation for ribonucleic acid, the single-stranded molecule having a nucleotide
sequence determined by DNA. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to make proteins within the cell.
Other forms of RNA also exist and have other functions in the cell.
38. Transcription – the process of turning DNA into messenger RNA, which may then serve as a
template for protein synthesis.
39. Translation – the process of turning messenger RNA into a protein.
40. Triplet – a sequence of three (3) nucleotides found on a strand of DNA or RNA to code for a
specific amino acid.
KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
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