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Knex 78780 - Education DNA Replication Teachers Guide Manual

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Key Terms and Definitions are presented below in alphabetical order. Precise vocabulary has been
chosen for clarity and correctness. Please refer to your text and curriculum for grade-level appropriate
terms or definitions. Many of these definitions will be used in several different lessons. The teacher
is urged to refer to this section as needed while preparing and presenting each of the seven lessons.
It may also be helpful to provide students with this list.
KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
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1. Anticodon – a sequence of three (3) nucleotides found at a specific site on a transfer RNA
molecule (tRNA) to complement a specific messenger RNA (mRNA) codon. The anticodon
corresponds to a specific amino acid that is attached to the tRNA for transfer to a protein by
that tRNA molecule.
2. Antiparallel – a term describing the two side rails of the ladder-like structure of a double-
stranded DNA molecule. The ladder is formed when two strands of DNA lie parallel to each
other and are hydrogen-bonded together through the nitrogen-containing bases that form the
“rungs.” Repeating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups make up the side rails of the
ladder. The way in which the sugar and phosphate groups are connected is reversed (or is “anti”)
in one side rail of the ladder with respect to the other. This “anti” structure is frequently denoted
by indicating that one side “goes in the 3’ to 5’ direction” and the other side “goes in the 5’ to 3’
direction.” The “ 3’ ” and “ 5’ ” refer to the specific carbon atoms on the deoxyribose sugar that
are connected by phosphates to form the side rails of the ladder.
3. Backbone – the repeating sugar-phosphate sequence formed when nucleotides are joined
together in long single strands of either DNA or RNA.
4. Codon – a sequence of three (3) consecutive nitrogen-containing bases on mRNA that code for
an amino acid or a stop signal. Codons are the basic component of the genetic code.
5. Complementary Base Pairs – specific pairs of nitrogen-containing bases that always bond
together when double stranded DNA is made or when RNA is formed from DNA. Specific bases
have matching features that cause them to always form the same pairs. The matching pyrimidine-
purine pairs found in DNA are cytosine-guanine and thymine-adenine. In RNA, uracil replaces
thymine to create a uracil-adenine base pair.
6. Covalent Bond – a strong force that joins two atoms in a compound or molecule. The binding
force results from the required sharing of electrons by two different atoms.
7. Deoxyribose – a simple sugar found in DNA (see Figure 1). This molecule is represented in the
K’NEX DNA models by either the gray fan-shaped Connectors (parent DNA strands), or the yellow
fan-shaped Connectors (daughter strands). Consistent with biochemical nomenclature, the “ose”
at the end of this name signifies that this molecule is a sugar.
8. Diamer – two consecutive nitrogen-containing bases on one strand of DNA that have bonded
together to form one molecule. This unusual bonding is often caused by exposure of DNA to
ultraviolet light.
9. DNA – the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, the nucleic acid that makes up most genetic
material (chromosomes). It is the genetic material that is passed from generation to generation
(in most organisms) to code for the proteins that make up the organism.
10. DNA Polymerase – the enzyme that copies a DNA parent strand by adding nucleotides in a
complementary fashion to a growing daughter strand. Consistent with biochemical nomenclature,
the “ase” at the end of this name signifies that this molecule is an enzyme.
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