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Knex 78780 - Education DNA Replication Teachers Guide Manual

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11. DNA Coding Strand – the strand of double-stranded DNA that is complementary to the template
DNA strand, which is transcribed by RNA polymerase to form the complementary mRNA.
12. DNA Template Strand – the strand of double-stranded DNA that is transcribed and, hence, is
complementary to mRNA.
13. Exons – sections of the mRNA template that code for amino acids.
14. Genetic Code – the 64 possible combinations of three nitrogen-containing bases (codons)
found in DNA. Each specific sequence of three bases codes for a specific amino acid or “stop”
command in the formation of proteins from DNA via RNA (see Table 2).
15. Glucagon – a small regulatory protein that plays a role in the conversion of sugar to energy
(sugar metabolism) in humans and many other animals.
16. Helicase – a cellular enzyme that unwinds DNA and breaks the hydrogen bonds between paired
nucleotides. Consistent with biochemical nomenclature, the “ase” at the end of this name
signifies that this molecule is an enzyme.
17. Helix or Double Helix – the structure that native DNA takes in a chromosome when two
complementary strands join together.
18. Hydrogen Bond – A special type of attraction that makes up the force holding two single strands
of DNA together when a double-stranded helical ladder is formed. In DNA, this is a relatively
weak bonding force found only between hydrogen and either nitrogen or oxygen atoms.
19. Introns – sections of the mRNA template that are cut out prior to translation into protein and,
hence, do not code for amino acids.
20. Lagging Strand – the strand of double-stranded DNA that replicates later than, but immediately
following, the leading strand.
21. Leading Strand – the strand of double-stranded DNA that is replicated first during the replication
process.
22. Ligase – an enzyme that links together short fragments of DNA (Okazaki fragments) as they
are synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication. Consistent with biochemical
nomenclature, the “ase” at the end of this name signifies that this molecule is an enzyme.
23. Methylation – a chemical process involving the addition of a small, one-carbon unit to a larger
molecule. Following DNA replication, certain nitrogen-containing bases are methylated because
this makes them resistant to other cellular processes designed to destroy foreign and mutated
DNA, which would be lacking the methylation pattern specific for that cell or organism.
24. Molecule – any group of atoms that are tightly bonded together to form a single structure.
25. Nitrogen-containing Base – a term used to refer to any one of the five nitrogen-containing
molecules that make up a nucleotide (see Figures 2 and 3).
26. Nucleotide - the repeating structural unit that forms both DNA and RNA. It consists of three
parts: 1) a nitrogen-containing base (purine or pyrmidine); 2) a phosphate group; and 3) a sugar
(either deoxyribose or ribose – see Figure 1).
KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
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