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7
Matériaux
Les ingénieurs doivent tenir compte des propriétés des matériaux qu’ils prévoient utiliser pour construire
un pont.
Les matériaux résistant bien à la compression : bois, béton armé, acier et quelques plastiques.
Les matériaux résistant bien à la tension : corde, bois (coupé dans le sens du grain).
Le béton armé est un choix judicieux pour plusieurs structures, dont les ponts. Des barres d’acier parcourent la
longueur du bloc de béton et résistent donc à la fois à la tension et à la compression.
Le papier peut-il être utilisé pour construire une structure? Quelles sont ses forces et ses faiblesses?
Ce test démontre que le papier résiste à la tension, mais non à la compression.
Peut-on changer les propriétés d’un matériau?
Vous pourriez réaliser ces activités pour introduire les étudiants à certains concepts.
(Voir également la section Introduction aux ponts : Activités préparatoires à la page 19.) Nous recommandons
également de visiter le site “Forces Lab” au www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/bridge/ (en anglais).
Fig. 13i - Essayez de déchirer une feuille de papier.
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Lorsque nous tenons une feuille de papier dans nos
mains, elle plie vers le bas parce qu’elle n’est pas
vraiment rigide. Mais lorsque cette même feuille est
pliée, ses propriétés changent.
La feuille de papier est maintenant rigide et peut
supporter des charges étonnamment lourdes.
Fig. 13ii - Maintenant, écrasez-la.
LES PONTS
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