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DFX-444 Operator’s Manual Issue 3
16
4.5 Angle Beam Testing
Angle beam testing is the introduction of sound energy at an angle
to the surface of the test piece. In most angle beam testing, the
wave energy is mode converted from a longitudinal wave to a
shear wave by the refraction
principle using a
transducer/probe as shown in
Figure 7. A shear wave is one
in which the particle motion is
perpendicular to the direction
of propagation. Shear waves
have lower velocities and
correspondingly larger
wavelengths than the
longitudinal wave. In fact, the
velocity of shear waves is
almost half that of the
longitudinal wave in most
materials.
The incident angle necessary
to produce a desired refracted wave can be calculated from
Snell’s Law as indicated in the following equation:
Where: θ
1
= incident angle of the transducer/probe wedge
θ
2
= desired refracted angle
C
i
= sound velocity in the wedge
C
r
= sound velocity of a shear wave in the test material
Figure 7 – Typical Angle Beam
Transducer/probe
r
C
r
Sin
i
C
i
Sin
θ
=
θ
23


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