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DFX-444 Operator’s Manual Issue 3
11
a function of the frequency and the velocity of sound in the test
material according to the following equation:
f
v
=λ
Where: λ = wavelength
v = velocity of sound in the material
f = frequency of the transducer/probe
In addition, higher frequency transducer/probes tend to have
better resolution due to shorter energy bursts and the smaller
wavelength. Resolution is the ability of a transducer/probe and
instrument combination to give distinct and separate indications
from discontinuities lying close to one another both laterally and
axially. On the other hand, higher frequency sound energy
attenuates more and tends to scatter in large grain material,
causing a loss of sensitivity in thicker sections of material. Proper
ultrasonic testing requires careful selection of the frequency to
obtain a desired balance between sensitivity and penetration.
The sound field of a transducer/probe is characterized by a near
field and a far field. The near field is the region directly in front of
the transducer/probe where the sound energy goes through a
series of maxim and minim both axially and radially. Responses
from small discontinuities in the near field can be irregular. The far
field of the transducer/probe is a region of more regular sound
energy variations beginning with the highest maximum and
gradually declining to zero. The highest maximum point is known
as the near field distance and is represented by N or
+
0
Y . This is
also the natural focus point of the transducer/probe. Figure 2
below demonstrates the axial variations of a typical
transducer/probe.
18


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