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DFX-444 Operator’s Manual Issue 3
9
4. Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Testing
The DFX-444 is a single-channel ultrasonic inspection instrument
used for the inspection of homogeneous materials for the presence
of inclusions, porosity and other discontinuities that could affect the
performance of materials and components. It can also be used for
thickness gauging of homogeneous materials, requiring access from
only one side of the test piece.
High frequency sound waves
are introduced into the test
material from a
transducer/probe that is
usually coupled to the test part
by water or other suitable
liquid coupling. The
transducer/probe converts the
electrical impulses of the
instrument into high frequency
sound energy. A short burst of
ultrasonic energy is introduced
into the test material and some
or all of the energy is reflected
by discontinuities and/or the
far surface of the test part. The
reflection of sound energy is a
function of the ratio between the acoustic impedance of the
discontinuity and the base material. The acoustic impedance of a
given material is the product of the density and the velocity of sound
in the material. The higher the ratio, the more sound energy that will
be reflected. The principle of ultrasonic testing is shown in Figure 1
which shows the ultrasonic energy in the test piece and the resulting
instrument display.
Thickness gauging with the DFX-444 operates on the principle of
time-of-flight of measurement. This principle utilizes the precise
timing of the transit time of a short burst of high frequency sound
energy through a material under test. The sound waves travel to the
Figure 1 – Basic Ultrasonic
Testing
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