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KONA OWNER’S MANUAL
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• Stronger, more t, more aggressive rider
• Corrosive environment (wet, salt air, winter road salt,
accumulated sweat)
Presence of abrasive mud, dirt, sand, soil in riding
environment
Factors that lengthen product life:
• Smooth, uid riding style
• No “hits”, crashes, jumps, other “shots” to the bike
• Low mileage
• Lower body weight
• Less aggressive rider
• Non-corrosive environment (dry, salt-free air)
• Clean riding environment
WARNING: Do not ride a bicycle or component with
any crack, bulge or dent, even a small one. Riding a
cracked frame, fork or component could lead to com-
plete failure, with risk of serious injury or death.
B) UNDERSTANDING COMPOSITES
All riders must understand a fundamental reality
of composites. Composite materials constructed of
carbon bers are strong and light, but when crashed or
overloaded, carbon bers do not bend, they break.
What Are Composites?
The term “composites” refers to the fact that a part or
parts are made up of different components or materi-
als. You’ve heard the term “carbon ber bike.” This really
means “composite bike.
Carbon ber composites are typically a strong, light ber
in a matrix of plastic, molded to form a shape. Carbon
composites are light relative to metals. Steel weighs 7.8
grams/cm3 (grams per cubic centimeter), titanium 4.5
grams/cm3, aluminum 2.75 grams/cm3. Contrast these
numbers with carbon ber composite at 1.45 grams/
cm3.
The composites with the best strength-to-weight ratios
are made of carbon ber in a matrix of epoxy plastic.
The epoxy matrix bonds the carbon bers together,
transfers load to other bers, and provides a smooth
outer surface. The carbon bers are the “skeleton” that
carries the load.
Why Are Composites Used?
Unlike metals, which have uniform properties in all di-
rections (engineers call this isotropic), carbon bers can
be placed in specic orientations to optimize the struc-
ture for particular loads. The choice of where to place
the carbon bers gives engineers a powerful tool to
create strong, light bicycles. Engineers may also orient
bers to suit other goals such as comfort and vibration
damping. Carbon ber composites are very corrosion
resistant, much more so than most metals. Think about
carbon ber or berglass boats. Carbon ber materials
have a very high strength-to-weight ratio.
What Are The Limits Of Composites?
Well designed “composite” or carbon ber bicycles and
components have long fatigue lives, usually better than
their metal equivalents.
While fatigue life is an advantage of carbon ber, you must
still regularly inspect your carbon ber frame, fork, or com-
ponents
.
Carbon ber composites are not ductile. Once a carbon
structure is overloaded, it will not bend; it will break.
At and near the break, there will be rough, sharp edges
and maybe delamination of carbon ber or carbon ber
fabric layers. There will be no bending, buckling, or
stretching.
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