Manual Kona 2016 (page 20 of 23) (English)

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KONA OWNER’S MANUAL

38 39

2. Perspective

Today’s high-performance bicycles require frequent and

careful inspection and service. In this Appendix we try

to explain some underlying material science basics and

how they relate to your bicycle. We discuss some of the

trade-offs made in designing your bicycle and what you

can expect from your bicycle; and we provide important,

basic guidelines on how to maintain and inspect it. We

cannot teach you everything you need to know to prop-

erly inspect and service your bicycle; and that is why we

repeatedly urge you to take your bicycle to your dealer for

professional care and attention.

WARNING: Frequent inspection of your bike is

important to your safety. Follow the Mechanical Safety

Check in Section 1.C of this Manual before every ride.

Periodic, more detailed inspection of your bicycle is

important. How often this more detailed inspection is

needed depends upon you. You, the rider/owner, have

control and knowledge of how often you use your bike,

how hard you use it and where you use it. Because

your dealer cannot track your use, you must take re-

sponsibility for periodically bringing your bike to your

dealer for inspection and service. Your dealer will help

you decide what frequency of inspection and service is

appropriate for how and where you use your bike. For

your safety, understanding and communication with

your dealer, we urge you to read this Appendix in its

entirety. The materials used to make your bike deter-

mine how and how frequently to inspect. Ignoring this

WARNING can lead to frame, fork or other component

failure, which can result in serious injury or death.

A) UNDERSTANDING METALS

Steel is the traditional material for building bicycle frames.

It has good characteristics, but in high performance

Appendix B

The Lifespan of Your Bike and its Components

1. Nothing Lasts Forever, Including Your Bike

When the useful life of your bike or its components is

over, continued use is hazardous.

Every bicycle and its component parts have a nite, limited

useful life. The length of that life will vary with the construc-

tion and materials used in the frame and components; the

maintenance and care the frame and components receive

over their life; and the type and amount of use to which the

frame and components are subjected. Use in competitive

events, trick riding, ramp riding, jumping, aggressive riding,

riding on severe terrain, riding in severe climates, riding

with heavy loads, commercial activities and other types of

non-standard use can dramatically shorten the life of the

frame and components. Any one or a combination of these

conditions may result in an unpredictable failure

All aspects of use being identical, lightweight bicycles

and their components will usually have a shorter life

than heavier bicycles and their components. In selecting

a lightweight bicycle or components you are making a

tradeoff, favoring the higher performance that comes with

lighter weight over longevity. So, If you choose light-

weight, high performance equipment, be sure to have it

inspected frequently.

You should have your bicycle and its components checked

periodically by your dealer for indicators of stress and/or

potential failure, including cracks, deformation, corrosion,

paint peeling, dents, and any other indicators of potential

problems, inappropriate use or abuse. These are important

safety checks and very important to help prevent acci-

dents, bodily injury to the rider and shortened product life

bicycles, steel has been largely replaced by aluminum

and some titanium. The main factor driving this change is

interest by cycling enthusiasts in lighter bicycles.

Properties of Metals

Please understand that there is no simple statement that

can be made that characterizes the use of different met-

als for bicycles. What is true is how the metal chosen is

applied is much more important than the material alone.

One must look at the way the bike is designed, tested,

manufactured, supported along with the characteristics of

the metal rather than seeking a simplistic answer.

Metals vary widely in their resistance to corrosion. Steel

must be protected or rust will attack it. Aluminum and

Titanium quickly develop an oxide lm that protects the

metal from further corrosion. Both are therefore quite

resistant to corrosion. Aluminum is not perfectly corro-

sion resistant, and particular care must be used where it

contacts other metals and galvanic corrosion can occur.

Metals are comparatively ductile. Ductile means bending,

buckling and stretching before breaking. Generally speaking,

of the common bicycle frame building materials steel is the

most ductile, titanium less ductile, followed by aluminum

Metals vary in density. Density is weight per unit of mate-

rial. Steel weighs 7.8 grams/cm3 (grams per cubic cen-

timeter), titanium 4.5 grams/cm3, aluminum 2.75 grams/

cm3. Contrast these numbers with carbon ber composite

at 1.45 grams/cm3.

Metals are subject to fatigue. With enough cycles of use,

at high enough loads, metals will eventually develop

cracks that lead to failure. It is very important that you

read The basics of metal fatigue below.

Let’s say you hit a curb, ditch, rock, car, another cyclist or

other object. At any speed above a fast walk, your body

will continue to move forward, momentum carrying you

over the front of the bike. You cannot and will not stay on

the bike, and what happens to the frame, fork and other

components is irrelevant to what happens to your body.

What should you expect from your metal frame? It

depends on many complex factors, which is why we tell

you that crashworthiness cannot be a design criteria. With

that important note, we can tell you that if the impact is

hard enough the fork or frame may be bent or buckled. On

a steel bike, the steel fork may be severely bent and the

frame undamaged. Aluminum is less ductile than steel, but

you can expect the fork and frame to be bent or buckled.

Hit harder and the top tube may be broken in tension and

the down tube buckled. Hit harder and the top tube may

be broken, the down tube buckled and broken, leaving the

head tube and fork separated from the main triangle.

When a metal bike crashes, you will usually see some evi-

dence of this ductility in bent, buckled or folded metal.

It is now common for the main frame to be made of metal

and the fork of carbon ber. See Section B, Understanding

composites below. The relative ductility of metals and

the lack of ductility of carbon ber means that in a crash

scenario you can expect some bending or bucking in the

metal but none in the carbon. Below some load the carbon

fork may be intact even though the frame is damaged.

Above some load the carbon fork will be completely broken

The Basics of Metal Fatigue

Common sense tells us that nothing that is used lasts forever.

The more you use something, and the harder you use it, and

the worse the conditions you use it in, the shorter its life

Fatigue is the term used to describe accumulated damage

to a part caused by repeated loading. To cause fatigue

damage, the load the part receives must be great enough.

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