Manual Kompozer 07 (page 48 of 58) (English)

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KompoZer User Guide — 17 December 2007 Based on version 0.7.10 48

means that, in principle, any character in the

UCS may be used in any HTML document. In

practice support for the complete character

range is uneconomic and systems provide

support for subsets only.

A6.3.4 Character Encoding

Character Encoding, at its simplest, refers

to the process whereby the codes for the char-

acters are mapped to the code points for the

Unicode characters appropriate to the lan-

guage in use. In the case of ISO-8859-1 the

character codes are mapped to identical Uni-

code code points. (The first 256 Unicode char-

acters being the same as the Latin-1 set.) As

another example, ISO-8859-7 encodes Greek

characters displacing many from the Latin-1

set to make room. (Compare table A6.3-2 to

table A6.3-1.) In this case the code EA instead

of being mapped to Unicode code point EA

(giving e circumflex ê) is mapped to code point

03BA which returns a small kappa . In fact

ISO-8859-7 does not include the ê character.

All ISO-8859 encodings retain the ASCII

characters at the original positions.

The HTML version of this document uses

ISO-8859-1 encoding but, in spite of this, has

no difficulty in representing the full repertoire

of the Greek characters covered by ISO-8859-

7 as can be seen in the table. How this is

achieved is explained in the next section.

Authors should note that every page uses one

character encoding, and one only, irrespective of

the number or range of languages encountered on a

page.

In HTML pages character encoding is specified us-

ing the 'charset' parameter in the head area for each

page. Several options are permissible but KompoZer

always uses the form <meta http-equiv= "content-type"

content= "text/html; charset=ISO-8859-7">.

Note 'charset', in spite of its name, does not

specify a character set. The character set for

HTML documents is always the UCS. 'charset'

specifies the encoding.

A6.3.5 Character references

ISO-8859 uses a single byte per character to repre-

sent all the characters commonly expected in a lan-

guage but clearly there may be a need to represent

uncommon characters. HTML provides two mecha-

nisms - Character entity references (entities) and nu-

meric character references. Using these methods any

character in the UCS may be reached by using a

sequence of ASCII characters to point to the required

character. Entities take the form € and numeric

references the form € or € all repre-

senting the euro symbol. The 8464 and x20AC repre-

sent the Unicode code point for the symbol in decimal

and hexadecimal notation.

These methods free the author to employ Unicode

characters, irrespective of the encoding in use, at the

expense of increasing file size. Where such use is

limited this is inconsequential.

The list of entities is included at section 24 of the

HTML specification [Ref 16]. About 250 are defined,

numeric character references must be used for charac-

ters outside this range. Characters do not have to be

out of range of the encoding for entity references to be

provided as is clear from Table A6.3-3 which lists some

of the most frequently used including some in the

ASCII set.

Table A6.3-3

Important entity references

Character Entity Numeric character

reference

€ € € €

< < < <

> > > >

× × × ×

÷ ÷ ÷ ÷

& & & &

" " " "

no-break space      

Note Entities are case sensitive thus É

represents upper case E with an acute accent (É)

while é represents the corresponding

lower case letter (é). &EacutE; does not repre-

sent anything (&EacutE;). (The error just gets

printed out.)

Note Irrespective of the ISO-8859 encoding em-

ployed the entity or numeric reference to be

input remains the same. So, although in ISO-

8859-7 the euro symbol is represented as byte

A4, entering the code ¤ will generate a ¤

symbol not a euro symbol. The code to be input

is the entity or numeric character reference for

the character required.

Table A6.3.2

Printable ASCII and Greek characters

Using ISO-8859-7 encoding

Hex code for character MSD in row lsd in column

x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 xA xB xC xD xE xF

! “ # $ % & ‘ ( ) * + , - . / S

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < > = ? C

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O I

P Q R S T U V

X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ I

` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o

p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~

‘ ‘ £ € ¦ §

shy

° ± ² ³ ´ · » ½

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