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• Dividethestudentsintoeightgroups.UsingtheK’NEX DNA, Replication and Transcription Class
Pack, assign each group a number from 1-8. Each group should design and build separate, unique
DNA sequences of 8 codons (24 base pairs). Students should record their own group’s sequence
in their journals and label their coding strand. Prior to beginning this activity, one group should be
designated to write a sequence that would include a start codon (Met) and one group should be
asked to write a sequence that would include a stop codon. After the 24 base-pair sequences have
been built, complementary template or antisense strands should be built to complete the double
helix. The groups should then work cooperatively to put all eight sequences together as a single
double-helical molecule using the 20-foot piece of flexible purple tubing and using the general
assembly instructions for the 24 base-pair model shown on Pages 16 and 17 of the K’NEX DNA,
Replication and Transcription building instructions booklet. Students should then use the sequence
code to determine the amino acid sequence of their new “mystery” peptide.
APPly
Questions/Activities for students:
• UseabiologytextortheInternettoidentifyasmallproteinthatisofinteresttothestudentgroup.
One interesting group of small proteins (peptides) is a family of antimicrobial peptides that include
magainins, melittin, and cecropins. Go to one of the reliable web sites below and find either the
amino acid sequence and/or DNA coding sequence for one of these proteins and create the DNA
counterpart.
• AnimalspeciesthatarecloselyrelatedtendtohaveverysimilarDNAcodingsequencesfor
specific proteins. In fact, similarities and differences in these DNA sequences are often used as a
measure of “genetic drift” or an “evolutionary process.” Research the DNA sequences for a given
peptide in several closely related and unrelated species. Compare the degree of “homology” among
the species.
• AskstudentstoformhypothesesaboutwhatwouldhappeniftheDNAforglucagonwaspresentin
the cell but never transcribed. What would be the overall effect in the body?
useful relAted web sites
1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome&itool=toolbar Entrez Genome
NCBI Search Site (U.S. National Institutes of Health search site)
2. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/ - EMBL (European Bioinformatics Institute) Nucleotide Sequence and
Homology Search Database
3. http://www.rcsb.org/ - Molecular Structure Databank
4. http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/rodbell/4_1_rodbell.htm - NIH Glucagon History
references
1
Amino Acid Sequence of Glucagon. http://www.www.anaspec.com/content/pdfs/c_literature123.pdf
MODULE III: CODING, TRANSLATION, AND MUTATIONS
LESSON 5
www.knexeducation.com
Education
®
38


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