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of known and trusted CAs in their Web browsers. Otherwise a browser complains that
the certicate was issued by an unknown authority. The certicate is valid for one year.
IMPORTANT: Self-Signed Certicates
Only use a self-signed certicate on a Web server that is accessed by people
who know and trust you as a certicate authority. It is not recommended to
use such a certicate for a public shop, for example.
20.6.1.3 Getting an Ofcially Signed Certicate
There are a number of ofcial certicate authorities that sign your certicates. The
certicate is signed by a trustworthy third party, so can be fully trusted. Publicly oper-
ating secure Web servers usually have got an ofcially signed certicate.
The best-known ofcial CAs are Thawte (http://www.thawte.com/) or Verisign
(http://www.verisign.com). These and other CAs are already compiled into
all browsers, so certicates signed by these certicate authorities are automatically ac-
cepted by the browser.
When requesting an ofcially signed certicate, you do not send a certicate to the
CA. Instead, issue a Certicate Signing Request (CSR). To create a CSR, call the script
/usr/share/ssl/misc/CA.sh -newreq.
First the script asks for a password with which the CSR should be encrypted. Then you
are asked to enter a distinguished name. This requires you to answer a few questions,
such as country name or organization name. Enter valid data—everything you enter
here later shows up in the certicate and is checked. You do not need to answer every
question. If one does not apply to you or you want to leave it blank, use “.”. Common
name is the name of the CA itself—choose a signicant name, such as My company
CA. Last, a challenge password and an alternative company name must be entered.
Find the CSR in the directory from which you called the script. The le is named
newreq.pem.
394 Reference
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