Manual Suse openSUSE 12.2 (page 244 of 530) (English)

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Almost all hardware protocols work on a packet-oriented basis. The data to transmit is

collected into packets (it cannot be sent all at once). The maximum size of a TCP/IP

packet is approximately 64 KB. Packets are normally quite smaller, as the network

hardware can be a limiting factor. The maximum size of a data packet on an ethernet

is about fteen hundred bytes. The size of a TCP/IP packet is limited to this amount

when the data is sent over an ethernet. If more data is transferred, more data packets

need to be sent by the operating system.

For the layers to serve their designated functions, additional information regarding each

layer must be saved in the data packet. This takes place in the header of the packet.

Every layer attaches a small block of data, called the protocol header, to the front of

each emerging packet. A sample TCP/IP data packet traveling over an ethernet cable

is illustrated in Figure 13.2, “TCP/IP Ethernet Packet” (page 226). The proof sum is

located at the end of the packet, not at the beginning. This simplies things for the

network hardware.

Figure 13.2:

TCP/IP Ethernet Packet

Usage Data (maximum 1460 bytes)

Ethernet (Layer 2) Protocol Header (approx. 14 bytes) + Checksum (2 bytes)

IP (Layer 3) Protocol Header (approx. 20 bytes)

TCP (Layer 4) Protocol Header (approx. 20 bytes)

When an application sends data over the network, the data passes through each layer,

all implemented in the Linux kernel except the physical layer. Each layer is responsible

for preparing the data so it can be passed to the next layer. The lowest layer is ultimately

responsible for sending the data. The entire procedure is reversed when data is received.

Like the layers of an onion, in each layer the protocol headers are removed from the

transported data. Finally, the transport layer is responsible for making the data available

for use by the applications at the destination. In this manner, one layer only communi-

cates with the layer directly above or below it. For applications, it is irrelevant whether

data is transmitted via a 100 Mbit/s FDDI network or via a 56-Kbit/s modem line.

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Suse openSUSE 12.2 Manual

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