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Suse openSUSE 12.2 Manual

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Boot Sectors
Boot sectors are the rst sectors of hard disk partitions with the exception of the
extended partition, which merely serves as a “container” for other partitions. These
boot sectors have 512 bytes of space for code used to boot an operating system in-
stalled in the respective partition. This applies to boot sectors of formatted DOS,
Windows, and OS/2 partitions, which also contain some basic important data of
the le system. In contrast, the boot sectors of Linux partitions are initially empty
after setting up a le system other than XFS. Therefore, a Linux partition is not
bootable by itself, even if it contains a kernel and a valid root le system. A boot
sector with valid code for booting the system has the same magic number as the
MBR in its last two bytes (AA55).
9.1 Booting with GRUB
GRUB comprises two stages. Stage 1 consists of 512 bytes and its only task is to load
the second stage of the boot loader. Subsequently, stage 2 is loaded. This stage contains
the main part of the boot loader.
In some congurations, an intermediate stage 1.5 can be used, which locates and loads
stage 2 from an appropriate le system. If possible, this method is chosen by default
on installation or when initially setting up GRUB with YaST.
Stage 2 is able to access many le systems. Currently, ext2, ext3, ReiserFS, Minix, and
the DOS FAT le system used by Windows are supported. To a certain extent, XFS,
and UFS and FFS used by BSD systems are also supported. Since version 0.95 GRUB
is also able to boot from a CD or DVD containing an ISO 9660 standard le system
pursuant to the “El Torito” specication. Even before the system is booted, GRUB can
access le systems of supported BIOS disk devices (oppy disks or hard disks, CD
drives and DVD drives detected by the BIOS). Therefore, changes to the GRUB con-
guration le (menu.lst) do not require a new installation of the boot manager. When
the system is booted, GRUB reloads the menu le with the valid paths and partition
data of the kernel or the initial RAM disk (initrd) and locates these les.
The actual conguration of GRUB is based on four les that are described below:
/boot/grub/menu.lst
This le contains all information about partitions or operating systems that can be
booted with GRUB. Without this information, the GRUB command line prompts
156 Reference
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