Manual Pioneer bdp 320 (page 50 of 64) (Dutch)

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program generated from the IJG code, this does not limit

you more than the foregoing paragraphs do.

The Unix configuration script “configure” was produced

with GNU Autoconf. It is copyright by the Free Software

Foundation but is freely distributable. The same holds for its

supporting scripts (config.guess, config.sub, ltconfig,

ltmain.sh). Another support script, install-sh, is copyright

by M.I.T. but is also freely distributable.

It appears that the arithmetic coding option of the JPEG

spec is covered by patents owned by IBM, AT&T, and

Mitsubishi. Hence arithmetic coding cannot legally be

used without obtaining one or more licenses. For this

reason, support for arithmetic coding has been removed

from the free JPEG software. (Since arithmetic coding

provides only a marginal gain over the unpatented Huffman

mode, it is unlikely that very many implementations will

support it.) So far as we are aware, there are no patent

restrictions on the remaining code.

The IJG distribution formerly included code to read and

write GIF files. To avoid entanglement with the Unisys LZW

patent, GIF reading support has been removed altogether,

and the GIF writer has been simplified to produce

uncompressed GIFs. This technique does not use the LZW

algorithm; the resulting GIF files are larger than usual, but

are readable by all standard GIF decoders.

We are required to state that

“The Graphics Interchange Format(c) is the Copyright

property of CompuServe Incorporated. GIF(sm) is a

Service Mark property of CompuServe Incorporated.”

REFERENCES

We highly recommend reading one or more of these

references before trying to understand the innards of the

JPEG software.

The best short technical introduction to the JPEG

compression algorithm is

Wallace, Gregory K. “The JPEG Still Picture Compression

Standard”,

Communications of the ACM, April 1991 (vol. 34 no. 4),

pp. 30-44.

(Adjacent articles in that issue discuss MPEG motion

picture compression, applications of JPEG, and related

topics.) If you don’t have the CACM issue handy, a

PostScript file containing a revised version of Wallace’s

article is available at ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/

wallace.ps.gz. The file (actually a preprint for an article that

appeared in IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics) omits the

sample images that appeared in CACM, but it includes

corrections and some added material. Note: the Wallace

article is copyright ACM and IEEE, and it may not be used

for commercial purposes.

A somewhat less technical, more leisurely introduction to

JPEG can be found in The Data Compression Book by Mark

Nelson and Jean-loup Gailly, published by M&T Books (New

York), 2nd ed. 1996, ISBN 1-55851-434-1. This book provides

good explanations and example C code for a multitude of

compression methods including JPEG. It is an excellent

source if you are comfortable reading C code but don’t

know much about data compression in general. The book’s

JPEG sample code is far from industrial-strength, but when

you are ready to look at a full implementation, you’ve got

one here...

The best full description of JPEG is the textbook “JPEG Still

Image Data Compression Standard” by William B.

Pennebaker and Joan L. Mitchell, published by Van

Nostrand Reinhold, 1993, ISBN 0-442-01272-1. Price

US$59.95, 638 pp. The book includes the complete text of

the ISO JPEG standards (DIS 10918-1 and draft DIS 10918-

2). This is by far the most complete exposition of JPEG in

existence, and we highly recommend it.

The JPEG standard itself is not available electronically; you

must order a paper copy through ISO or ITU. (Unless you

feel a need to own a certified official copy, we recommend

buying the Pennebaker and Mitchell book instead; it’s

much cheaper and includes a great deal of useful

explanatory material.) In the USA, copies of the standard

may be ordered from ANSI Sales at (212) 642-4900, or from

Global Engineering Documents at (800) 854-7179. (ANSI

doesn’t take credit card orders, but Global does.) It’s not

cheap: as of 1992, ANSI was charging $95 for Part 1 and $47

for Part 2, plus 7% shipping/handling. The standard is

divided into two parts, Part 1 being the actual specification,

while Part 2 covers compliance testing methods. Part 1 is

titled “Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-tone

Still Images, Part 1: Requirements and guidelines” and has

document numbers ISO/IEC IS 10918-1, ITU-T T.81. Part 2 is

titled “Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-tone

Still Images, Part 2: Compliance testing” and has

document numbers ISO/IEC IS 10918-2, ITU-T T.83.

Some extensions to the original JPEG standard are defined

in JPEG Part 3, a newer ISO standard numbered ISO/IEC IS

10918-3 and ITU-T T.84. IJG currently does not support any

Part 3 extensions.

The JPEG standard does not specify all details of an

interchangeable file format. For the omitted details we

follow the “JFIF” conventions, revision 1.02. A copy of the

JFIF spec is available from:

Literature Department

C-Cube Microsystems, Inc.

1778 McCarthy Blvd.

Milpitas, CA 95035

phone (408) 944-6300, fax (408) 944-6314

A PostScript version of this document is available by FTP at

ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/jfif.ps.gz. There is also a plain

text version at ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/jfif.txt.gz, but it

is missing the figures.

The TIFF 6.0 file format specification can be obtained by FTP

from ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/TIFF6.ps.gz. The JPEG

incorporation scheme found in the TIFF 6.0 spec of 3-June-

92 has a number of serious problems. IJG does not

recommend use of the TIFF 6.0 design (TIFF Compression

tag 6). Instead, we recommend the JPEG design proposed

by TIFF Technical Note #2 (Compression tag 7). Copies of

this Note can be obtained from ftp.sgi.com or from ftp://

ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/. It is expected that the next

revision of the TIFF spec will replace the 6.0 JPEG design

with the Note’s design. Although IJG’s own code does not

support TIFF/JPEG, the free libtiff library uses our library to

implement TIFF/JPEG per the Note. libtiff is available from

ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/.

ARCHIVE LOCATIONS

The “official” archive site for this software is ftp.uu.net

(Internet address 192.48.96.9). The most recent released

version can always be found there in directory graphics/

jpeg. This particular version will be archived as ftp://

ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/jpegsrc.v6b.tar.gz. If you don’t

have direct Internet access, UUNET’s archives are also

available via UUCP; contact help@uunet.uu.net for

information on retrieving files that way.

Numerous Internet sites maintain copies of the UUNET

files. However, only ftp.uu.net is guaranteed to have the

latest official version.

You can also obtain this software in DOS-compatible “zip”

archive format from the SimTel archives (ftp://

ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/graphics/), or on

CompuServe in the Graphics Support forum (GO

CIS:GRAPHSUP), library 12 JPEG Tools. Again, these

versions may sometimes lag behind the ftp.uu.net release.

The JPEG FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) article is a

useful source of general information about JPEG. It is

updated constantly and therefore is not included in this

distribution. The FAQ is posted every two weeks to Usenet

newsgroups comp.graphics.misc, news.answers, and

other groups. It is available on the World Wide Web at http:/

/www.faqs.org/faqs/jpeg-faq/ and other news.answers

archive sites, including the official news.answers archive at

rtfm.mit.edu: ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/

jpeg-faq/. If you don’t have Web or FTP access, send e-mail

to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with body

send usenet/news.answers/jpeg-faq/part1

send usenet/news.answers/jpeg-faq/part2

RELATED SOFTWARE

Numerous viewing and image manipulation programs now

support JPEG. (Quite a few of them use this library to do so.)

The JPEG FAQ described above lists some of the more

popular free and shareware viewers, and tells where to

obtain them on Internet.

If you are on a Unix machine, we highly recommend Jef

Poskanzer’s free PBMPLUS software, which provides many

useful operations on PPM-format image files. In particular,

it can convert PPM images to and from a wide range of

other formats, thus making cjpeg/djpeg considerably more

useful. The latest version is distributed by the NetPBM

group, and is available from numerous sites, notably ftp://

wuarchive.wustl.edu/graphics/graphics/packages/

NetPBM/. Unfortunately PBMPLUS/NETPBM is not nearly

as portable as the IJG software is; you are likely to have

difficulty making it work on any non-Unix machine.

A different free JPEG implementation, written by the PVRG

group at Stanford, is available from ftp://

havefun.stanford.edu/pub/jpeg/. This program is designed

for research and experimentation rather than production

use; it is slower, harder to use, and less portable than the

IJG code, but it is easier to read and modify. Also, the PVRG

code supports lossless JPEG, which we do not. (On the

other hand, it doesn’t do progressive JPEG.)

FILE FORMAT WARS

Some JPEG programs produce files that are not compatible

with our library. The root of the problem is that the ISO

JPEG committee failed to specify a concrete file format.

Some vendors “filled in the blanks” on their own, creating

proprietary formats that no one else could read. (For

example, none of the early commercial JPEG

implementations for the Macintosh were able to exchange

compressed files.)

The file format we have adopted is called JFIF (see

REFERENCES). This format has been agreed to by a

number of major commercial JPEG vendors, and it has

become the de facto standard. JFIF is a minimal or “low

end” representation. We recommend the use of TIFF/JPEG

(TIFF revision 6.0 as modified by TIFF Technical Note #2) for

“high end” applications that need to record a lot of

additional data about an image. TIFF/JPEG is fairly new and

not yet widely supported, unfortunately.

The upcoming JPEG Part 3 standard defines a file format

called SPIFF. SPIFF is interoperable with JFIF, in the sense

that most JFIF decoders should be able to read the most

common variant of SPIFF. SPIFF has some technical

advantages over JFIF, but its major claim to fame is simply

that it is an official standard rather than an informal one. At

this point it is unclear whether SPIFF will supersede JFIF or

whether JFIF will remain the de-facto standard. IJG intends

to support SPIFF once the standard is frozen, but we have

not decided whether it should become our default output

format or not. (In any case, our decoder will remain capable

of reading JFIF indefinitely.)

Various proprietary file formats incorporating JPEG

compression also exist. We have little or no sympathy for

the existence of these formats. Indeed, one of the original

reasons for developing this free software was to help force

convergence on common, open format standards for JPEG

files. Don’t use a proprietary file format!

TO DO

The major thrust for v7 will probably be improvement of

visual quality. The current method for scaling the

quantization tables is known not to be very good at low Q

values. We also intend to investigate block boundary

smoothing, “poor man’s variable quantization”, and other

means of improving quality-vs-file-size performance

without sacrificing compatibility.

In future versions, we are considering supporting some of

the upcoming JPEG Part 3 extensions --- principally,

variable quantization and the SPIFF file format.

As always, speeding things up is of great interest.

Please send bug reports, offers of help, etc. to jpeg-

info@uunet.uu.net.

libupnp

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or

without modification, are permitted provided that the

following conditions are met:

* Redistributions of source code must retain the above

disclaimer.

* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above

disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials

provided with the distribution.

* Neither name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its

contributors may be used to endorse or promote

products derived from this software without specific

prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT

HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS

“AS IS” AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,

INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED

WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR

A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO

EVENT SHALL INTEL OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR

ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,

EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES

(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF

SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA,

OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER

CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER

IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING

NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT

OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF

THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

AVC/H.264

THIS PRODUCT IS LICENSED UNDER THE AVC PATENT

PORTFOLIO LICENSE FOR THE PERSONAL AND NON-

COMMERCIAL USE OF A CONSUMER TO (i) ENCODE

VIDEO IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE AVC STANDARD (”AVC

VIDEO”) AND/OR (ii) DECODE AVC VIDEO THAT WAS

ENCODED BY A CONSUMER ENGAGED IN A PERSONAL

AND NON-COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY AND/OR WAS

OBTAINED FROM A VIDEO PROVIDER LICENSED TO

PROVIDE AVC VIDEO. No LICENSE IS GRANTED OR

SHALL BE IMPLIED FOR ANY OTHER USE. ADDITIONAL

INFORMATION MAY BE OBTAINED FROM MPEG LA, L.L.C.

SEE HTTP://MPEGLA.COM.

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

Version 2, June 1991

Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim

copies of this license document, but changing it is not

allowed.

Preamble

The licenses for most software are designed to take away

your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU

General Public License is intended to guarantee your

freedom to share and change free software - to make sure

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