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Kona 2022 Manual

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KONA OWNER’S MANUAL
38
Let’s say you hit a curb, ditch, rock, car, another cyclist or
other object. At any speed above a fast walk, your body
will continue to move forward, the momentum carrying
you over the front of the bike. You cannot and will not
stay on the bike, and what happens to the frame, fork
and other components is irrelevant to what happens to
your body.
What should you expect from your metal frame? It
depends on many complex factors, which is why we tell
you that crashworthiness cannot be a design criteria. With
that important note, we can tell you that if the impact is
hard enough, the fork or frame may be bent or buckled.
On a steel bike, the steel fork may be severely bent and
the frame undamaged. Aluminum is less ductile than
steel, but you can expect the fork and frame to be bent
or buckled. Hit harder and the top tube may be broken in
tension and the down tube buckled. Hit even harder still
and the top tube may be broken, the down tube buckled
and broken, leaving the head tube and fork separated
from the main triangle.
When a metal bike crashes, you will usually see some evi-
dence of this ductility in bent, buckled or folded metal.
It is now common for the main frame to be made of metal
and the fork of carbon ber. See Section B, Understanding
Composites below. The relative ductility of metals and
the lack of ductility of carbon ber means that in a crash
scenario you can expect some bending or bucking in
the metal but none in the carbon. Below a certain load
the carbon fork may be intact even though the frame is
damaged. Above a certain load the carbon fork will be
completely broken
.
bicycles, steel has been largely replaced by aluminum and
occasionally titanium. The main factor driving this change
is interest by cycling enthusiasts in lighter bicycles.
Properties of Metals
Please understand that there is no simple statement that
can be made that characterizes the use of different metals
for bicycles. What is true is how the metal chosen is ap-
plied is much more important than the material alone. It's
important to consider how the bike is designed, tested,
manufactured, and supported along with the characteris-
tics of the metal rather than seeking a simplistic answer.
Metals vary widely in their resistance to corrosion. Steel
must be protected or rust will attack it. Aluminum and
titanium quickly develop an oxide lm that protects the
metal from further corrosion. Both are therefore quite
resistant to corrosion. Aluminum is not perfectly corro-
sion resistant, and particular care must be used where it
contacts other metals and galvanic corrosion can occur.
Metals are comparatively ductile. Ductile means bending,
buckling and stretching before breaking. Generally speaking,
of the common bicycle frame building materials, steel is the
most ductile, titanium less ductile, followed by aluminum
.
Metals vary in density. Density is weight per unit of mate-
rial. Steel weighs 7.8 grams/cm3 (grams per cubic cen-
timeter), titanium 4.5 grams/cm3, aluminum 2.75 grams/
cm3. Contrast these numbers with carbon ber composite
at 1.45 grams/cm3.
Metals are subject to fatigue. With enough cycles of use,
at high enough loads, metals will eventually develop
cracks that lead to failure. It is very important that you
read the section following this one, titled "The Basics of
Metal Fatigue."
… 40 …


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