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Malgré la force de la structure augmentée par l’ajout de poutres triangulées, les ponts à poutres à treillis ont une
certaine limite quant à leur longueur maximale.
Ponts plus longs
Fig. 36 - Ponts à poutres à treillis
Fig. 37a - Comment couvrir un
large espace. Problème : Le pont
plie au centre et il est faible.
Fig. 37b - Solution :
Le pousser vers le haut.
Fig. 38
Fig. 39
Fig. 37c - Solution :
Le tirer par le haut.
Les civilisations égyptiennes et chinoises utilisaient l’arche pour construire certaines de leurs structures, tout comme
les Romains qui l’ont employée pour la construction des aqueducs et des ponts.
13
Comme mentionné ci-haut, un long pont-poutres aura tendance à plier par le centre. Les ingénieurs ont tenté de
régler ce problème de deux façons. Ils ont conçu des ponts dont le point faible de la structure est renforcé soit par un
pilier (pousser par le dessous) ou par des câbles (tiré vers le haut).
1. Un support diminue les portées
Plutôt que de construire une seule longue portée, qui pliera au centre, les ingénieurs construisent des ponts grâce à
des centaines de petites poutres assemblées. Le pont de la baie de Chesapeake aux États-Unis est construit de cette
façon. Ce type de structure est mieux connu sous le nom de pont à travée continue. Ce pont traverse l’estuaire de la
baie de Chesapeake. Il mesure 26 kilomètres de long, mais la portée simple la plus longue est seulement de 30 mètres.
2. Utiliser des arches
Le pont à arches
LES PONTS
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