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Key Terms and Scientific Definitions
45
wheels and axles and inclined planes
website: www.knexeducation.co.uk
Work = Force x Distance moved by the object in the direction of the force
or
W = F x d
If the force is measured in newtons (symbol N) and the distance is in metres (m) then the
work done (W) is measured in newton metres (Nm).
The SI unit of work is the joule (J) and 1 joule = 1 newton metre.
FORCE
A force is a push or a pull which, when applied to an object, can make it change shape, move
faster or slower, or change direction. You cannot see forces but you can feel or see their
effects.
A force has both size and direction. The size of a force is measured in newtons (N) and can be
measured using spring balances called force meters or Newton meters.
EFFORT
The force you apply to move one part of a simple machine, i.e. the input force that is applied
to a simple machine, or mechanism, to make it do work. With a wheel and axle simple machine,
the effort force can be applied to either the wheel, or the axle, in order to make the other part
move. Think of a waterwheel being turned by a millstream or a car axle driving the road wheels.
The function of a simple machine, or mechanism, is to transfer the force both to the location
and in the direction in which it is needed to move the load.
LOAD
The weight of an object to be moved or the resistance that must be overcome before an
object can be moved.
The resistance can be the frictional forces in a mechanism itself or simply the friction between
two surfaces.
RESISTANCE
The force that works against the effort. It could be either the weight of the object to be moved
and/or frictional forces.
FRICTION
The force that occurs when two surfaces rub against each other. Friction tends to slow things
down, which means it can be both beneficial and unhelpful. For example: friction is beneficial in
the case of brakes applied to the wheels of cars and bicycles to slow them down, but friction
between surfaces can also cause wear - tyres wear out. Rough surfaces increase friction, while
smooth surfaces reduce it.
Friction also generates heat. You can feel this when you rub your hands together quickly.
Education
®
46


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