- Satellite geometry in relation to the receiver. The factor represents the GDOP (Geometric Dilution Of Precision). Not only must the receiver detect
signals from at least four satellites to get a "fix", but they must also be distributed correctly in the sky or measurement accuracy will be reduced. If the
satellites are too closely spread, the area where their "spheres" (inside which the satellites are in signal range) intersect will give a less accurate location
than if the satellites were further apart.
- The frequency stability of the satellite, which varies according to the strength of the earth's gravitational field: 35 ns (10.5 metres).
- The accuracy of the almanacs and ephemerides downloaded by the receiver: 33 ns (10 metres).
- The time it takes for the signal to cross the ionosphere, which varies according to its density: 33-65 ns (9.8-16.6 metres).
- The crossing of the troposphere: 13 ns (3.9 metres).
- The stability of the receiver (the receiver clock, the resolution of the receiver, noise level, calculation precision): 9.7 ns (2.9 metres)
- Multiple paths: 8 ns (2.4 metres).
- Dilution or location uncertainty. The acquisition signal or "fix" is received every second by the GPS receiver. But, generally, during this time the receiver has
moved and covered a distance of up to 33 metres at 120 km/h. Some navigation software corrects this dislocation.
- Mapping accuracy. The GPS is generally used in combination with road or topographical maps specially designed for this purpose. If the mapping system is not
accurate enough, the navigation cursor may not be on the route followed. This phenomenon occurs when the signal is temporarily obscured or when the map is
not accurate enough.
All factors combined, the dilution circle may vary between 10 and 30 metres, but may exceed 100 metres in the mountains where altitude must be
Latitude is an angular measurement extending from 0° at the equator to 90° at the poles. Longitude is therefore an angular 360° measurement in relation to a
reference meridian, extending from 180° west to 180° east. The reference meridian is the Greenwich meridian.
Geographical coordinates are given in sexagesimal degrees: Degrees (°) Minutes (′) Seconds (′′). The standard sexagesimal unit is the degree(360 degrees),
then theminute(60 minutes = 1 degree) then the second(60 seconds = 1 minute). The second can also be divided into 100 parts.
DMDegree: Minute (49:30.0-123:30.0)
DMS Degree: Minute: Second (49:30:00-123:30:00)
DDDecimal degree (49.5000-123.5000), usually with 4 decimal points.
Source: www.en.wikipedia.org
The UTM system
The Earth is divided by longitude into 60 vertical zones of equal North to South width numbered from 1 to 60, each of which is divided into 20 horizontal bands
from the 80
th
parallel south to the 84
th
parallel north and is designated with a letter. The UK is in zones 29 U, 30 U and 31 U. This system gives the coordinates of
a point inmetres, which allows it to be located quickly and accurately on a "GPS compatible" map, in other words one where the UTM grid has been depicted
(Ordnance Survey maps are all compatible: set the GPS to OSGB36).
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