The celestial equator runs 360 degrees around the Earth and separates the northern celestial hemisphere from the southern.
Like the Earth’s equator, it bears a reading of zero degrees. On Earth this would be latitude. However, in the sky this is referred
to as declination, or DEC for short. Lines of declination are named for their angular distance above and below the celestial
equator. The lines are broken down into degrees, minutes of arc, and seconds of arc. Declination readings south of the equator
carry a minus sign (-) in front of the coordinate and those north of the celestial equator are either blank (i.e., no designation) or
preceded by a plus sign (+).
The celestial equivalent of longitude is called Right Ascension or R.A. for short. Like the Earth’s lines of longitude, they run from
pole to pole and are evenly spaced 15 degrees apart. Although the longitude lines are separated by an angular distance, they
are also a measure of time. Each line of longitude is one hour apart from the next. Since the Earth rotates once every 24 hours,
there are 24 lines total. As a result, the R.A. coordinates are marked off in units of time. It begins with an arbitrary point in the
constellation of Pisces designated as 0 hours, 0 minutes, 0 seconds. All other points are designated by how far (i.e., how long)
they lag behind this coordinate after it passes overhead moving toward the west.
MOTION OF THE STARS
The daily motion of the Sun across the sky is familiar to even the most casual observer. This daily trek is not the Sun moving as
early astronomers thought, but the result of the Earth’s rotation. The Earth’s rotation also causes the stars to do the same, scribing
out a large circle as the Earth completes one rotation. The size of the circular path a star follows depends on where it is in the sky.
Stars near the celestial equator form the largest circles rising in the east and setting in the west. Moving toward the north celestial
pole, the point around which the stars in the northern hemisphere appear to rotate, these circles become smaller. Stars in the
mid-celestial latitudes rise in the northeast and set in the northwest. Stars at high celestial latitudes are always above the horizon,
and are said to be circumpolar because they never rise and never set. You will never see the stars complete one circle because
the sunlight during the day washes out the starlight. However, part of this circular motion of stars in this region of the sky can be
seen by setting up a camera on a tripod and opening the shutter for a couple hours. The timed exposure will reveal semicircles
that revolve around the pole. (This description of stellar motions also applies to the southern hemisphere except all stars south of
the celestial equator move around the south celestial pole.)
Stars seen near the north celestial poleStars seen near the celestial equatorStars seen looking in the opposite direction
of the north celestial pole
Fig. 15
All stars appear to rotate around the celestial poles. However, the appearance of this motion varies depending on where you are looking in the sky. Near
the north celestial pole the stars scribe out recognizable circles centered on the pole (1). Stars near the celestial equator also follow circular paths around
the pole. But, the complete path is interrupted by the horizon. These appear to rise in the east and set in the west (2). Looking toward the opposite pole,
stars curve or arc in the opposite direction scribing a circle around the opposite pole (3).
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