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PART 2
1. Understanding Metals
Section D. Inspect For Safety
Cannondale Bicycle Owner’s Manual
With that important note, we can tell you
that if the impact is hard enough the fork or
frame may be bent or buckled.
See Figure A on following page. .
On a most all steel bikes, the steel fork may
be severely bent and the frame undamaged.
Aluminum is less ductile than steel, but you
can expect the fork and frame to be bent or
buckled. Hit harder and the top tube may be
broken in tension and the down tube
buckled. Hit harder and the top tube may be
broken, the down tube buckled and broken,
leaving the head tube and fork separated
from the main triangle.
When all metal bikes are crashed you will
usually see some evidence of this ductility in
bent, buckled or folded metal.
It is now common for the main frame to be
made of metal and the fork of carbon fiber.
See the composites 101 section below. The
relative ductility of metals and the lack of
ductility of carbon fiber means that in a
crash scenario you can expect some bending
or bucking in the metal but none in the
carbon. Below some load the carbon fork
may be intact even though the frame is
damaged. Above some load the carbon fork
will be completely broken.
Metal Fatigue 101
Common sense tells us that nothing that is
used lasts forever. The more you use
something, and the harder you use it, and the
worse the conditions you use it in, the
shorter its life.
Fatigue is the term used to describe
accumulated damage to a part caused by
repeated loading. To cause fatigue damage,
the load the part receives must be great
enough. A crude, often-used example is
bending a paper clip back and forth
(repeated loading) until it breaks. This
simple definition will help you understand
that fatigue has nothing to do with time or
age. A bicycle in a garage does not fatigue.
Fatigue happens only through use.
So what kind of “damage” are we talking
about? On a microscopic level, a crack forms
in a highly stressed area. As the load is
repeatedly applied, the crack grows. At some
point the crack becomes visible to the naked
eye. Eventually it becomes so large that the
part is too weak to carry the same load that,
without the crack, it could carry. At that
point there can be a complete and
immediate failure of the part.
One can design a part that is so strong that
fatigue life is nearly infinite. This requires a
lot of material and a lot of weight. Any
structure that must be light and strong will
have a finite fatigue life.
131


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