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PART 2
1. Understanding Metals
138690 Rev2 (10/22)
Section D. Inspect For Safety
Cannondale Bicycle Owner’s Manual
1. Understanding Metals
Steel is the traditional material for building
bicycle frames. It has good characteristics,
but in high performance bicycles, steel has
been largely replaced by aluminum and some
titanium. The main factor driving this change
is interest by enthusiast customers in lighter
bicycles.
Properties of Metals
Please understand that there is no simple
statement that can be made that
characterizes the use of dierent metals for
bicycles. What is true is how the metal
chosen is applied is much more important
than the material alone. One must look at the
way the bike is designed, tested,
manufactured, supported along with the
characteristics of the metal rather than
seeking a simplistic answer.
Metals vary widely in their resistance to
corrosion. Steel must be protected or rust
will attack it. Aluminum and Titanium quickly
develop an oxide film that protects the metal
from further corrosion. Both are therefore
quite resistant to corrosion. The 6000 series
aluminum alloys Cannondale has used for
years are commonly used in marine
applications. Aluminum is not perfectly
corrosion resistant and particular care must
be used where it contacts other metals and
galvanic corrosion can occur.
Metals are comparatively ductile. Ductile
means bending, buckling and stretching
before breaking. Generally speaking, of the
common bicycle frame building materials
steel is the most ductile, titanium less
ductile, followed by aluminum.
Metals vary in density. Density is weight per
unit of material. Steel weighs 7.8 grams/cm3
(grams per cubic centimeter), titanium 4.5
grams/cm3, aluminum 2.75 grams/cm3.
Contrast these numbers with carbon fiber
composite at 1.45 grams/cm3.
Metals are subject to fatigue. With enough
cycles of use, at high enough loads, metals
will eventually develop cracks that lead to
breakage. It is very important that you read
Metal Fatigue 101 next.
Let’s say you hit a curb, ditch, rock, car,
fallen cyclist or other object. First, read the
Important warnings at the beginning of
SECTION A: Bicycles Cannot Protect You.
At any speed above a fast walk your body will
continue to move forward, momentum
carrying you over the front of the bike. You
cannot and will not stay on the bike and what
happens to the frame and fork is irrelevant to
what happens to your body. What should you
expect from your metal frame? It depends on
many complex factors, which is why we tell
you that crash worthiness cannot be a
design criteria.
130


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