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4.3 The Mallet Module 23
of the string; most of the energy will be reflected back into the string at the bridge resulting in
a standing wave in the string and a long decay. Now let’s imagine that the soundboard becomes
much less rigid. The string can now set it into motion more easily at the bridge. This implies that
more energy will be able to flow from the string to the soundboard resulting in a shorter decay as
less energy is reflected back into the string. But the soundboard also moves according to its own
vibration modes which are different from that of the string. This motion interacts with that of the
string which modifies the tone that we hear. One could say that we now hear more the soundboard
in the resulting sound. The amount of coupling between the resonators therefore affects both the
resulting tone and its decay time.
The material of the objects is not the only thing to consider. Their respective tuning, which
can be related to their geometry, also greatly influences the response of the combined objects. For
example if the objects are tuned at the same fundamental frequency, their respective motion will
be synchronized and result in a sound having a large amplitude. For example, in a vibraphone,
the tubes are tuned to the fundamental of the bar above them in order to amplify the fundamental.
But there is also another effect which might seem contradictory at first. The fact that energy is
well transmitted from the bar to the tube also implies a faster decay of the oscillations. Hence,
the overall effect of the combination of the bar and the tube is to amplify the fundamental while
decreasing the decay time of the note.
As we can see, the overall effect of coupling can be quite complex as many factors must be
taken into account. As a rule of thumb, in traditional musical instruments, a first resonating object
with a long decay is usually coupled to a second resonator having a very short decay time (try
knocking on the sound board of a guitar) in order to avoid unpleasant resonance effects.
4.3 The Mallet Module
The Mallet module is used to simulate the force im-
pact produced by a mallet striking an object. The force
of the impact is adjusted with the Volume knob while the
stiffness of the mallet (related to its material) is varied
with the Stiffness knob. Figure 9 shows the effect of the
adjustment of the stiffness on the output signal. As the
stiffness is increased the excitation signal becomes narrower. The effect of the Volume parameter
which determines the amplitude of the impact is also shown in the same figure. These values can
be modulated with the MIDI velocity and the note played. These modulation are usually used to
get a stronger impact with increasing keyboard velocity and to make the mallet softer as the im-
pact velocity increases, a behavior one observes, for example, on piano hammer heads due to the
non-linearity of the felt.
Noise can also be added to the impact sound allowing for some interesting effects. The amount
of noise is controlled with the Noise control. In its leftmost position there is no noise added to the
signal and one only hears the impact noise. Turning this knob clockwise gradually increases the
23


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